DVD Conventions
What are conventions?
Conventions are the expected and accepted elements of design, efficiency and general usability of a product, in this case, DVD’s and DVD Menu’s.
Lets take a look at the technical aspects of DVD’s.
Types of DVD.
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc, previously Digital Video Disc, but the name evolved to allow for a broader spectrum of data to be put onto the Disc’s. There are different formats the disc’s come in for different uses, and they are clearly labelled on the DVD’s upon purchase, Each single layer disc has a data storage of 4.7gb, the types of disc’s are…
+RW
+RW stands for Read & Writable, this is the process of Writing data, E.G a Film, then the ability to Read it on a DVD player and view the film, then the DVD can be Erased and something new can be written on the disc. This is not an Industry standard disc for the sale of DVD’s in the sense of “Buying a film” as the data can be faulted with and this would break copyright law. DVD +RW disc’s do not have a long lasting life as the disc can be worn out easily due to the erasing and re-writing. DVD +RW is a rival disc to the DVD -RW which is primarily used to the purposes of backing up data, it still offers the same ability of erasing and re writing data.
+R
+R Stands for Read, this disc can only be written on and read, data can be added until the capacity of the disc is full, so if you where to put 2gb’s of data on the disc you could still add more, but once the data is added it can not be erased. Typically you will find this as a home use DVD as the data can still be faltered with to a degree.
-R
– R also stands for Read but this disc can only be written on once, the data must be closed off after being burned, after this the disc can not be altered with. The disc can be read many times so it is ideal to for use with anti piracy software for distribution.
Blue Ray
The Blu Ray was designed to allow for more storage on disc with a higher resolution, which is basically the ability to not have the data compressed to have to fit on the disc. The Storage of a Blue Ray disc is 25gb, with a potential of 50gb with a duel layer and 100gb with dual layer double sided disc’s.
ML
ML stands for Multi layered, this is the process of increasing the storage capacity of DVD’s by adding another layer of dye for data to be laser’d on to. So with any of the disc’s above, after their creations, technology was developed allowing 4.7gb disc to increase their storage to 8.5gb with a dual layer.
In the above graph the capacity of storage is demonstrated, also there is the mention of Double sided DVD’s which is basically having any format of DVD with two sides, instead of having one side with a printed layer on the other.
Writing Speed
Writing speed is the time it takes for data to be written onto a disc, all modern discs support a speed of 52x with some supporting a speed of 16x and higher. The writing speed of 52x means it writes data on the disc at 52 times the minimal writing speed of 1,385,000 bytes per second.
So…
52 x 1,385,000 Bps = 72.02 MBps
16 x 1,385,000 Bps = 22.16 MBps
When writing the data onto the DVD, writing at 52x as opposed to 16x would result in the data being of a lesser quality as it is writing more in a short space of time, this can result in missing bits of data, so when burning DVD’s some opt for writing at 16x.
Regional Codes
Regional Codes are a method of protecting data, and a way of controlling price and release dates of DVD’s. There are 6 regional codes across the globe, the reason for this is that in afferent parts of the worlds, different people will pay different prices for DVD’s and expect different release dates. Regional Codes are controlled through the regional setting within a DVD player, however, DVD players now exist that are capable of playing back DVD’s from all regions. Computers also have the capability of changing there DVD regions.
The 6 regions…
1 – United States, Canada, Bermuda, Caribbean, US Territories.
2 – Europe, Middle East, Japan, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Greenland, British Overseas Territories, British Crown Dependencies, French Overseas Department and Territories.
3 – Southeast Asia, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau.
4 – South America, Central America, Mexico, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea and a large proportion of Oceania.
5 – Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Africa (Except, Egypt, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho) Central Asia, Mongolia, North Korea.
6 – China.
There also is the addition of a few more codes…
0 – Or Region free/Worldwide is not an official setting but has the capability of being played in regions 1-6.
7 – Reserved for future use, MPAA-related DVDs and “media copies” of pre-releases in Asia
8 – International Venues such as Aircraft, Cruise ships or Spacecraft.
9 – This code allows the DVD to have all of the above settings, allowing the DVD to be played anywhere in the world in any player.
Inserting the Disc – Trailers, Anti – Piracy, Disclaimers and Menu’s
Upon inserting a DVD into a DVD player, depending on the budget of the production you are about to view, you are met with trailers, Anti piracy warnings, disclaimers and a DVD menu.
Trailers
Most DVD’s that are showing films from big production houses like Universal, Paramount or Dreamwork’s will have trailers on there DVD’s, especially from new released films as this is a great way to publicise other films that are set for release on DVD. You have the ability to skip these trailers on most disc’s. You may not find trailers on DVD’s for classic films, such as Citizen Kane, On the Waterfront or It’s a Wonderful Life. Films from lower budgets or less known production houses will mostly likely not have trailers. Once the trailers have been shown, you are usually met with a Anti – Piracy notice.
Anti – Piracy Notice
An Anti – Piracy notice is a warning about the law in regards to making duplications of copyrighted work.
Here is an example of a warning notice, you are unable to skip this as Anti Piracy Software is written into the DVD, this software also makes it difficult to copy the content of the film, however it is impossible to stop copying of the film, but these steps are put in place to make this harder. Typically copy’s of DVD’s are of a lesser quality as the copier must use either illegal software or a third party device, such as a cam corder.
Disclaimers
DVD disclaimers are statements from production houses to remind the viewer that the content of the film is not a representative of the views of people working on the film, this is important as films can depict a wide range of offensive and upsetting content. Here is an example of a Disclaimer.
Menu’s
DVD Menu’s are a fundamental part of he DVD design, no matter the budget, if a DVD is made it will probably have a DVD menu. DVD menu’s also consist of certain conventions that have become the norm upon purchase. DVD Menu’s will gernally consist of these elements.
– Main Menu –
This is the core of the menu design, all options can be selected through this window.
Lets take a look at an example from Citizen Kane.
Here is the main menu taken from the DVD, this is a highly professional DVD menu, as every menu and sub menu has transitions and windows with moving images. The start up of this menu has a transition from the boy playing into the snow, then into a still from the film, as the moving image becomes a view through an actual window.
As you can see, the menu has a simple text layout, with the text acting as buttons into sub menus. To select each menu, Kane’s signature from the film is provided as a ‘Cursor’ like device to select the sub menu’s.
Play Movie
This option takes you straight into the film, if you want to watch it as the director intended, select this option as the film will play with no extra content. You may see a few more disclaimers of certificates of certification for the age requirements to watch the film.
Scene Access
Scene access, Scene selection or Chapters is a menu dedicated to allowing you to select bits of the film to start from, so if you stopped watching the film and wish to resume watching from the point you left or to start from a specfic chapter.
This menu has lots of windows with moving images in them, and other buttons to allow the selection of scenes late on in the film. We can also see a still from the film behind the windows. If you were to select a scene it would take you straight to that part of the movie.
Audio Commentary
Selecting Audio Commentary takes you to another menu, this menu has no stills but a loop of a small part of the film. Selecting On would take you back to the main menu, selecting play movie would play the movie with audio commentary.
There is also a option to select main menu again to take you back to the main menu if you wish to not select ON or OFF.
Subtitles
The subtitles menu allows the user to select subtitles for the film, this film only allows for english subtitles for the hard of hearing, but some DVD’s have options for foreign languages and dubbing.
Once selecting “On”, you will be taken back to the main menu where you can play the movie.
These are the general conventions for a DVD menu, some menu’s will vary with specifics, for example ‘On The Waterfront’ allows users to select what aspect ratio they wish to view the film in and ‘Pink Floyd The Wall’ allows for the selection of different sound playback options e.g 5.1 Dolby Surround Sound or Stereo.
Audio
Most DVD menu’s have some sort of soundtrack looped on the main menu, usually from the film itself, Citizen Kane has a looped version of the main theme, within the other menu’s the dialogue from scenes are looped continuously.
Conclusion
Overall, DVD’s are a complex digital system that has allowed for the spread of video content throughout the globe, and the technology only advances further, to allow us with an ever growing spectrum of video playback.